Xa usebenzisa ii-injini zokukhangela ezahlukeneyo ukukhangela "iJapan metallurgy", uya kufumanisa ukuba zonke iintlobo zamanqaku kunye neevidiyo ezikhangelweyo zithi iJapan metallurgy ibiphambi kwehlabathi iminyaka emininzi, iChina, iUnited States kunye neRussia ayilunganga. njengeJapan, iqhayisa ngeJapan kunye nokunyathela eTshayina, eUnited States naseRashiya, kodwa ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene?UMobei uzinikele ngokunzulu kushishino lokuthwala iminyaka emininzi.Kufuneka ilungise igama lentsimbi yaseTshayina kwaye iveze inqanaba lokwenyani lentsimbi yentsimbi yaseChina, engaphaya kokulindela kwakho!
Umzi-mveliso we-metallurgical ugubungela uluhlu olubanzi, kubandakanywa iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi kunye neentsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous.Kunzima ukuthelekisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba leliphi ilizwe elikhokelayo.Nangona kunjalo, ngentelekiso kulula ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-metallurgy yaseJapan ihamba phambili kwihlabathi.Sinokuqala ngokuqwalasela imeko yemarike iyonke yoshishino lwesinyithi, kwaye emva koko siqonde nzulu ipateni yokhuphiswano lweemveliso eziphambili zesinyithi.Lilonke, imarike yokuthumela ngaphandle kwentsimbi yehlabathi yi-380 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, iChina yi-39.8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US, iJapan yi-26.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, iJamani yi-25.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, iSouth Korea yi-23.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika kunye neRussia yi-19.8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika. .Ngokubhekiselele kwidatha yokuthumela ngaphandle kwentsimbi, iChina iphambi kweJapan.Abanye abantu baya kuthi "intsimbi yaseChina inkulu kuphela kodwa ayinamandla", kodwa iChina ngokwenene ifumene utshintshiselwano oluninzi lwangaphandle ngokuthumela ngaphandle kwentsimbi.Ngokwedatha yokuthunyelwa kwentsimbi iyonke, iJapan ayikhokeli ihlabathi.Emva koko, ukhuphiswano lweemveliso eziphambili ze-metallurgical zihlalutywa.Itsheyini yexabiso yephiramidi yentsimbi evuzayo ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi yile: superalloy, isixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokufa, intsimbi ethwalayo, intsimbi yokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu, intsimbi engatyiwa kunye nentsimbi ekrwada.
I-Superalloy
Makhe sithethe ngee-superalloys.Iisuperalloys ziphezulu kwikhonkco lexabiso lephiramidi.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-superalloys akhawunti kuphela ye-0.02% yokusetyenziswa kwensimbi iyonke, kodwa isikali semarike siphezulu ngamashumi eebhiliyoni zeedola, kwaye ixabiso layo liphezulu kakhulu kunezinye iimveliso zetsimbi.Xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso ngexesha elifanayo, ixabiso ngetoni nganye ye-superalloy liphezulu ukuya kumashumi amawaka eedola, ixabiso ngetoni nganye yensimbi engenasici ngamawaka eedola, kwaye ixabiso ngetoni nganye yentsimbi ekrwada ngamakhulu eedola.Iisuperalloys zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi-aerospace kunye nee turbines zegesi.Akukho mashishini angaphezu kwama-50 anokuvelisa iiSuperalloys ze-aerospace kwihlabathi jikelele.Amazwe amaninzi athatha iimveliso ze-superalloy kwizicelo ze-aerospace njengezixhobo zobuchule zomkhosi.
I-PCC (i-precision castparts Corp) iphakathi kwamashishini amahlanu aphezulu kwimveliso yehlabathi ye-superalloy Amashishini ayo i-SMC (i-Special Metals Corporation), i-VDM yaseJamani, i-imphy alloys yaseFransi, i-carpenter Technology Corporation yase-United States kunye ne-ATI (Allegheny Technologies Inc) ye- I-United States, emva koko ibekwe kwishishini lesinyithi le-Hitachi kunye ne-metallurgical eJapan.Ukujonga imveliso yawo onke amashishini, imveliso yase-United States iphezulu kakhulu kuneyamanye amazwe.
Isixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokufa
Ngaphandle isixhobo kunye die steel, isixhobo kunye die steel ligama eqhelekileyo die steel kunye high-speed isixhobo isixhobo.Yeyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yokufa kunye nezixhobo ezikhawulezayo.I-Tooling yaziwa ngokuba "ngumama weshishini lanamhlanje", nto leyo ebonisa ukubaluleka kwentsimbi kwishishini lanamhlanje.Isixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokufa luhlobo lwentsimbi ekhethekileyo enexabiso eliphezulu elongezelelweyo, kwaye ixabiso lemveliso liphezulu kunelo lentsimbi ekhethekileyo eqhelekileyo.
Amashishini amahlanu aphezulu abekwe kwimveliso yehlabathi yesixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokufa ngala: iAustria VAI / Voestalpine, China Tiangong international, Germany smo bigenbach / schmolz + bickenbach, Northeast China special steel, China Baowu, Japan Datong ibekwe kwindawo yesithandathu, kunye namashishini aseTshayina abekwe kwindawo yesithandathu. I-20 kwimveliso yile: Iqela lemveliso ye-Hebei Wenfeng, i-Qilu ekhethekileyo yentsimbi, i-Great Wall yentsimbi ekhethekileyo, i-Taiwan Ronggang CITIC.Ngokubhekiselele kumashishini aphezulu angama-20 avelisa isixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokufa, imveliso yesixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokufa eChina iphezulu kakhulu kunamanye amazwe.
Ukuthwala intsimbi
Masithethe ngokuthwala intsimbi.Ukuthwala intsimbi yenye yezona ntlobo zentsimbi ezingqongqo kuyo yonke imveliso yentsimbi.Ineemfuno ezingqongqo kakhulu malunga nokufana kokwakheka kweekhemikhali, umxholo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-non-metallic inclusions kunye nokuhanjiswa kwee-carbides zensimbi ezithwele.Ngokukodwa, intsimbi ephezulu yokuthwala i-high-end bearings ayifanele ikwazi ukuthwala umthwalo ixesha elide, kodwa iphinde ichaneke, ilawuleke, inzima kwaye inokwethenjelwa.Yenye yezona ntsimbi zinzima kakhulu ukuzinyibilikisa.I-Fushun Special Steel aviation ephethe iimveliso zentsimbi inesabelo semarike yasekhaya engaphezulu kwama-60%.
Umthamo wentengiso yeDaye Special Steel Bearing Steel ithatha isinye kwisithathu sexabiso lilonke lentengiso eTshayina, kwaye uloliwe othwele intsimbi uthatha i-60% yesabelo semarike yelizwe.I-Daye Special steel bearing steel isetyenziselwa iibheringi koololiwe abanesantya esiphezulu eFransi naseJamani, kunye neebheringi zikaloliwe ezihamba ngesantya esiphezulu ezisuka eTshayina.I-Daye Special Steel, isinyithi esinesiphelo esiphezulu se-high-power fan ye-high-power fan ye-shaft iibheringi eziphambili kunye nezinto ezijikelezayo zamandla omoya, zinesabelo semarike yasekhaya engaphezulu kwe-85%, kunye neemveliso zentsimbi ezinomoya ophezulu wokugqibela zithunyelwa eYurophu, eIndiya. kunye namanye amazwe.
Imveliso kunye nomthamo wokuthengisa wentsimbi yokuthwala i-Xingcheng Special Steel ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala e-China iminyaka eyi-16 elandelelanayo kunye neyokuqala kwihlabathi iminyaka eyi-10 elandelelanayo.Kwimarike yasekhaya, isabelo sentsimbi esemgangathweni ephezulu sifikelele kuma-85%.Ukusukela ngo-2003, intsimbi ethwele iXingcheng Special Steel iye yamkelwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngabavelisi abaphezulu abasibhozo behlabathi, kubandakanya iSweden SKF, iJamani Schaeffler, iJapan NSK, iFrance ntn-snr, njl.
Ngokwemarike yasekhaya, amashishini aseTshayina athatha uninzi lwesabelo semarike.I-China yimarike enkulu.Kuyacaca ukuba akukho ngqiqweni ukuthetha ngehlabathi ngaphandle kweTshayina.Ezi datha azisixhasi isikhundla esiphambili seJapan emhlabeni amashumi eminyaka.Amagama asekuqaleni kaWang Huaishi, uNobhala Jikelele we-China Special Steel Enterprise Association, ami ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umgangatho womzimba wokuthwala iimveliso zetsimbi e-China ufikelele kwinqanaba elihamba phambili lamazwe ngamazwe, elingabonakali kuphela kwizibonakaliso zobugcisa, kodwa nakwi-importation kunye nokungenisa. ukuthumela ngaphandle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuninzi bentsimbi yentsimbi ethunyelwa ngaphandle incinci kakhulu, kwaye iChina inokuvelisa phantse zonke iintlobo;Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani elikhulu leentsimbi eziphezulu eziphezulu eziveliswe e-China zithunyelwa ngaphandle kwaye zithengwe ngamashishini amashishini aphezulu.
Intsimbi ephezulu yokuqina
Ukongeza, intsimbi eyomelele kakhulu ibhekisa kwintsimbi enamandla emveliso engaphezu kwe-1180mpa kunye namandla okuqina angaphezu kwe-1380mpa.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini le-aerospace kunye neshishini lemoto.Yimathiriyeli yentsimbi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, esetyenziswa ikakhulu ukwenza izixhobo zokumisa iinqwelomoya kunye neendawo zokhuseleko lwemoto.Eyona mveliso yentsimbi eyomelele kakhulu kwibala leemoto yi-aluminiyam yesilicon egqunywe ngentsimbi eshushu eyenziweyo.I-aluminiyam ye-silicon yokwambathisa iimveliso ezishushu zenza i-ArcelorMittal ibe lishishini elinesona sabelo siphezulu semakethi sezinto zentsimbi ze-BIW kwihlabathi.I-ArcelorMittal aluminiyam i-silicon yokwambathisa iimveliso ezishushu zokwenza i-akhawunti malunga ne-20% yezinto zentsimbi ezisetyenziselwa i-BIW (kubandakanywa ne-fuel driven kunye nezithuthi zombane) kwihlabathi.
I-aluminiyamu yesilicon egqunywe i-1500MPa eshushu isitampu sentsimbi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kukhuseleko lweemoto, kunye nokusetyenziswa konyaka malunga neetoni ezizizigidi ezi-4 kwihlabathi liphela.Itekhnoloji yokugquma i-aluminiyam yesilicon yaphuhliswa ngu-ArcelorMittal waseLuxembourg ngo-1999 kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yenze imonopoly kwihlabathi liphela.Intsimbi ephezulu yomelele kwimoto jikelele imalunga neeyuan ezingama-5000 ngetoni nganye, ngelixa i-aluminiyamu yesilicon egqunywe ngentsimbi eshushu eyenziwe yi-ArcelorMittal ingaphezulu kwe-8000 yuan ngetoni, nto leyo ibiza kakhulu nge-60%.Ukongeza kwimveliso yayo, i-ArcelorMittal iya kuphinda ivumele amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kwiinkampani ezimbalwa zentsimbi emhlabeni jikelele ukwenzela imveliso kunye nokuthengisa, ihlawulisa iimali eziphezulu zelayisensi yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza.Ukuza kuthi ga ngo-2019, kwinkomfa ye-automobile lightweight yase-China, iqela likaNjingalwazi u-Yi Hongliang, iLabhoratri ye-State Key yetekhnoloji eqengqelekayo kunye ne-automation eqhubekayo yeYunivesithi yaseMntla-mpuma, ikhuphe itekhnoloji entsha yokugquma i-aluminium ye-silicon, isaphula iminyaka engama-20 ye-patent ye-ArcelorMittal.
Eyona mveliso idumileyo kwibala lezophapho yintsimbi yaseMelika yenickel eyi-300M yenkampani yintsimbi yokumisa enamandla, eyona ntsebenzo ibanzi neyona isetyenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni.Okwangoku, ngaphezulu kwe-90% yezixhobo zokumisa zeenqwelomoya zomkhosi kunye neenqwelomoya ezisebenza eUnited States zenziwe ngentsimbi eyi-300M.
Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo
Ngaphandle kwensimbi engenasici, igama elithi "intsimbi engenasici" livela ekubeni olu hlobo lwentsimbi alulula ukugrumba kunye nokugqwala njengentsimbi eqhelekileyo.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini elinzima, ishishini elilula, ishishini leemfuno zemihla ngemihla, ukuhonjiswa kwezakhiwo kunye namanye amashishini.Amashishini aphezulu ali-10 kwimveliso ye-stainless steel global are: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron nentsimbi, South Korea POSCO iron and steel, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, Europe ampron, China Anshan Iron kunye nentsimbi, iLianzhong stainless steel, China Delong nickel kunye China Baosteel steel stainless.
Isabelo semveliso ye-stainless steel global yi-56.3% e-China, i-15.1% e-Asia (ngaphandle kwe-China kunye ne-South Korea), i-13% eYurophu kunye ne-5% e-United States.Imveliso yaseTshayina iphezulu kakhulu kuneyamanye amazwe.
Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo
Ngaphandle kwensimbi engenasici, igama elithi "intsimbi engenasici" livela ekubeni olu hlobo lwentsimbi alulula ukugrumba kunye nokugqwala njengentsimbi eqhelekileyo.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini elinzima, ishishini elilula, ishishini leemfuno zemihla ngemihla, ukuhonjiswa kwezakhiwo kunye namanye amashishini.Amashishini aphezulu ali-10 kwimveliso ye-stainless steel global are: China Qingshan, China Taiyuan Iron nentsimbi, South Korea POSCO iron and steel, China Chengde, Spain acerinox, Finland ottokunp, Europe ampron, China Anshan Iron kunye nentsimbi, iLianzhong stainless steel, China Delong nickel kunye China Baosteel steel stainless.
Isabelo semveliso ye-stainless steel global yi-56.3% e-China, i-15.1% e-Asia (ngaphandle kwe-China kunye ne-South Korea), i-13% eYurophu kunye ne-5% e-United States.Imveliso yaseTshayina iphezulu kakhulu kuneyamanye amazwe.
Intsimbi ekrwada
Masithethe ngentsimbi ekrwada.I-China ithatha i-56.5%, i-European Union 8.4%, i-Indiya i-5.3%, i-Japan i-4.5%, i-Russia i-3.9%, i-United States i-3.9%, i-South Korea i-3.6%, i-Turkey yi-1.9% kunye ne-Brazil 1.7%. .I-China iphambili kakhulu kwisabelo semarike.
Ukuthelekisa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi kwikhonkco lexabiso lephiramidi yentsimbi, eyona ndlela yokhuphiswano lwemarike yokwenyani ayibonisi ukuba iJapan ibikhokela ihlabathi amashumi eminyaka.Amanqaku amaninzi kunye neevidiyo ezikwi-Intanethi ezibanga ukuba i-metallurgy yaseJapan ikhokela ihlabathi liya kuthetha malunga nesizukulwana sesihlanu sekristale eyi-superalloy yokuqala eyaphuhliswa yiJapan, eyona siseko siphambili.
Kufuneka kwaziwe ukuba i-crystal superalloy enye kufuneka idlule ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-15 yomjikelo wophuhliso ukusuka kuphuhliso ukuya ekuvuthweni.Ngokomzekelo, isizukulwana sesibini se-crystal superalloy i-Ren é N5, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi yi-GE, yaqala ukuphuhliswa kwe-alloy ekuqaleni kwe-1980 kwaye ayizange isetyenziswe kude kube phakathi kunye no-1990 ekupheleni.Isizukulwana sesibini secrystal superalloy pwa1484, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi nguPratt Whitney, yaqala uphuhliso ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 kwaye ayizange isetyenziswe kwi-F110 kunye nezinye ii-aeroengines eziphambili kude kube phakathi kunye nasekupheleni kwee-1990s.
Akunakwenzeka ukuba iiprojekthi ze-injini kwamanye amazwe zamkele ngokukhawuleza i-Japan yesizukulwana sesihlanu se-crystal superalloy eyodwa.Ekuphela kwendlela enokusetyenziswa ngumlweli wesizukulwana esitsha saseJapan.Urhulumente waseJapan uceba ukuhambisa umlo wesizukulwana esitsha ngo-2035, oko kukuthi, kuya kuthatha ixesha elide ukubona esi sizukulwana sesihlanu i-crystal superalloy isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.Ke eJapan Yintoni intsebenzo yesizukulwana sesihlanu sekristale eyikristale engaphezulu?Yonke into ayikaziwa.
Sifanele sazi ukuba isizukulwana sokuqala ukuya kwesesine icrystal superalloy ayisetyenziswanga ngokubanzi, nto leyo eyaneleyo ukubonisa ukuba i-crystal superalloys yaseJapan isemva ngoku.Ipateni yokhuphiswano lwemarike ye-superalloy, isixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokufa, intsimbi ethwele, intsimbi ephezulu ephezulu, intsimbi engenasici kunye nentsimbi ekrwada ayibonakalisi isizukulwana sesihlanu secrystal superalloy apho isinyithi saseJapan sikhokela ihlabathi amashumi eminyaka kwaye asizange sibekho ngokwenene. isicelo.Ayinakusetyenziswa ukubonisa ukuba i-metallurgy yaseJapan iqhubela phambili kwihlabathi kangangamashumi eminyaka, nokuba ababhali baloo manqaku kunye neevidiyo banamandla okukhangela kwikamva, kwaye ayinakutshintsha iinyani.
Abahlobo abaninzi babuza, "kutheni i-bearings yaseTshayina ingakwazi?", Abantu abaninzi baphendula bathi: "I-machining yaseChina impofu, kwaye unyango lobushushu alulungile."kukho imibuzo emininzi efanayo kunye neempendulo.Enyanisweni, abantu abaninzi banokungazi ukuba i-China ayiboneleli kuphela ngezinto eziluhlaza - intsimbi ethwele amashishini angaphandle, kodwa ibonelela ngeengxenye eziphambili zokuthwala kunye nokugqitywa kweebheringi zamashishini angaphandle aziwayo afana ne-SKF eSweden, iSchaeffler eJamani, iTimken eUnited States kunye ne-NSK eJapan.
Ngamafutshane, kukho umlinganiselo othile "owenziwe eTshayina" phakathi kwabavelisi abasixhenxe abaphezulu behlabathi.Amashishini aziwa njenge-SKF eSweden, i-Schaeffler eJamani, i-Timken e-United States kunye ne-NSK yaseJapan inokuthenga iinxalenye zaseTshayina kunye nezinto eziluhlaza kwiibhetshi, okwaneleyo ukubonisa ukuba i-machining yase-China kunye nonyango lobushushu lunokudibana nobuchwepheshe babathengi. iimfuno;Ukwamkelwa kweebheringi zaseTshayina ngamashishini angaphandle awaziwayo angaphinda achaze umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kweebheringi zaseTshayina, ezinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zangempela zabasebenzisi.
Ishishini lokuthwala laseTshayina liye lakhula ngakumbi nangakumbi ngokukhula kwexesha.Ukusukela ekusekweni kwenkqubo yemizi-mveliso ukuya ekuveliseni iteknoloji entsha, kwaye ukusuka ekonyukeni kwemveliso ukuya kwintengiso unyaka nonyaka, sinokuxelela ihlabathi ukuba iChina sele ililizwe elithweleyo elingagungqiyo, kwaye inqanaba lokuvelisa liye labekwa kwindawo ephezulu emhlabeni. !Njengenombolo ye-1 ye-e-commerce yemveliso yeemveliso zaseTshayina, i-Mobei nayo iya kuba negalelo lamandla ayo kwishishini lokuvelisa i-China esekelwe kwiimeko zelizwe lase-China, ukwenzela ukuba "eyenziwe e-China" ivakale kwihlabathi lonke!
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-27-2021